Geography CBSE Class IX (Climate and Natural Vegetation of India)

 Geography CBSE Class IX

Climate and Natural Vegetation of India

 

Q1: What is the meaning of the term 'monsoon'?

A: The term 'monsoon' refers to a seasonal wind system that brings heavy rainfall to a particular region.

 

Q2: What is the most important factor determining the climate of India?

A: The most important factor determining the climate of India is the monsoon winds.

 

Q3: What is the name of the hot and dry wind that blows in the summer months in India?

A: The hot and dry wind that blows in the summer months in India is called the 'loo'.

 

Q4: Which natural vegetation covers the maximum area in India?

A: The natural vegetation that covers the maximum area in India is tropical deciduous forest.

 

Q5: Which type of vegetation is found in the Himalayan region?

A: The type of vegetation found in the Himalayan region varies from tropical, sub-tropical, temperate, to alpine vegetation, depending on the altitude.

 

Q6: What is the importance of mangrove forests?

A: Mangrove forests are important because they help in stabilizing coastal ecosystems, protecting against coastal erosion, and supporting a diverse range of plant and animal species.

 

Q7: What is the main characteristic of the tropical evergreen forests?

A: The main characteristic of the tropical evergreen forests is that they are green throughout the year.

 

Q8: What is the term used for the natural vegetation that grows in saline waterlogged areas?

A: The natural vegetation that grows in saline waterlogged areas is called mangrove forests.

 

Q9: Which type of vegetation is found in the semi-arid regions of India?

A: The type of vegetation found in the semi-arid regions of India is thorny bushes and scrubs.

 

Q10: What is the name of the grassland ecosystem found in the Deccan Plateau region of India?

A: The name of the grassland ecosystem found in the Deccan Plateau region of India is the Deccan Plateau.

 

Q11: What is the main feature of the alpine vegetation found in the Himalayan region?

A: The main feature of the alpine vegetation found in the Himalayan region is that it can survive in extreme cold and harsh climatic conditions.

 

Q12: Which region of India receives the highest rainfall due to the southwest monsoon winds?

A: The west coast of India, including the Western Ghats, receives the highest rainfall due to the southwest monsoon winds.

 

Q13: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of tea?

A: The north-eastern region of India, particularly Assam and Darjeeling, is known for the cultivation of tea.

 

Q14: Which type of vegetation is found in the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan?

A: The type of vegetation found in the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is thorny bushes and scrubs.

 

Q15: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of spices such as cardamom, cinnamon, and pepper?

A: The southwestern region of India, particularly Kerala and Tamil Nadu, is known for the cultivation of spices such as cardamom, cinnamon, and pepper.

 

Q16: Which natural vegetation covers the highest percentage of the Western Ghats?

A: The natural vegetation that covers the highest percentage of the Western Ghats is tropical evergreen forests.

 

Q17: Which type of vegetation is found in the mountainous regions of the north-eastern states of India?

A: The type of vegetation found in the mountainous regions of the north-eastern states of India is temperate evergreen forests.

 

Q18: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of rubber?

A: The southern region of India, particularly Kerala and Tamil Nadu, is known for the cultivation of rubber.

 

Q19: Which type of vegetation is found in the high-altitude regions of the Himalayas?

A: The type of vegetation found in the high-altitude regions of the Himalayas is alpine vegetation.

 

Q20: What is the name of the grassland ecosystem found in the northern part of India?

A: The name of the grassland ecosystem found in the northern part of India is the Great Indian Desert, also known as the Thar Desert.

 

Q21: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of wheat and rice?

A: The northern region of India, particularly the states of Punjab and Haryana, is known for the cultivation of wheat and rice.

 

Q22: Which type of vegetation is found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

A: The type of vegetation found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is tropical rainforest.

 

Q23: What is the name of the hot and humid winds that blow in the coastal regions of India?

A: The hot and humid winds that blow in the coastal regions of India are called the 'mango showers' or 'pre-monsoon showers'.

 

Q24: Which type of vegetation is found in the high-rainfall areas of the Western Ghats?

A: The type of vegetation found in the high-rainfall areas of the Western Ghats is tropical rainforest.

 

Q25: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of coffee?

A: The southern region of India, particularly the states of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, is known for the cultivation of coffee.

 

Q26: Which type of vegetation is found in the high-altitude regions of the Western Himalayas?

A: The type of vegetation found in the high-altitude regions of the Western Himalayas is temperate vegetation.

 

Q27: What is the name of the wind that blows in the winter season and causes a drop in temperature in northern India?

A: The name of the wind that blows in the winter season and causes a drop in temperature in northern India is the 'cold wave'.

 

Q28: Which type of vegetation is found in the alluvial soil of the Indo-Gangetic plain?

A: The type of vegetation found in the alluvial soil of the Indo-Gangetic plain is deciduous forest.

 

Q29: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of grapes?

A: The western region of India, particularly the state of Maharashtra, is known for the cultivation of grapes.

 

Q30: Which type of vegetation is found in the saline and waterlogged regions of India?

A: The type of vegetation found in the saline and waterlogged regions of India is mangrove forest.

 

Q31: Which type of vegetation is found in the high-altitude regions of the Eastern Himalayas?

A: The type of vegetation found in the high-altitude regions of the Eastern Himalayas is Alpine vegetation.

 

Q32: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of apples?

A: The northern region of India, particularly the state of Himachal Pradesh, is known for the cultivation of apples.

 

Q33: Which type of vegetation is found in the mangrove swamps of the Sundarbans?

A: The type of vegetation found in the mangrove swamps of the Sundarbans is the Sundari tree, which gives the region its name.

 

Q34: What is the name of the hot and dry winds that blow in the summer season in northern and western India?

A: The name of the hot and dry winds that blow in the summer season in northern and western India is the 'loo' or 'loo winds'.

 

Q35: Which type of vegetation is found in the high-altitude regions of the Nilgiris Hills?

A: The type of vegetation found in the high-altitude regions of the Nilgiris Hills is shola forest.

 

Q36: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of saffron?

A: The northern region of India, particularly the state of Jammu and Kashmir, is known for the cultivation of saffron.

 

Q37: Which type of vegetation is found in the Western Ghats and the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats?

A: The type of vegetation found in the Western Ghats and the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats is evergreen forest.

 

Q38: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of tea?

A: The north-eastern region of India, particularly the states of Assam, Darjeeling, and the Nilgiris hills, is known for the cultivation of tea.

 

Q39: What is the name of the wind that blows in the rainy season and causes heavy rainfall in India?

A: The name of the wind that blows in the rainy season and causes heavy rainfall in India is the Southwest Monsoon.

 

Q40: Which type of vegetation is found in the cold desert regions of India, such as Ladakh and Spiti?

A: The type of vegetation found in the cold desert regions of India, such as Ladakh and Spiti, is scrub vegetation.

 

Q41: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of rubber?

A: The southern region of India, particularly the state of Kerala, is known for the cultivation of rubber.

 

Q42: Which type of vegetation is found in the wettest regions of India, such as the Western Ghats and the northeast?

A: The type of vegetation found in the wettest regions of India, such as the Western Ghats and the northeast, is tropical rainforest.

 

Q43: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of grapes?

A: The western region of India, particularly the state of Maharashtra, is known for the cultivation of grapes.

 

Q44: Which type of vegetation is found in the arid regions of Rajasthan?

A: The type of vegetation found in the arid regions of Rajasthan is thorn forest.

 

Q45: Which type of vegetation is found in the deltaic regions of the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers?

A: The type of vegetation found in the deltaic regions of the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers is mangrove forest.

 

Q46: What is the name of the wind that blows in the winter season from the Himalayas towards the plains?

A: The name of the wind that blows in the winter season from the Himalayas towards the plains is the Northeast Monsoon.

 

Q47: Which type of vegetation is found in the drier regions of the Deccan Plateau?

A: The type of vegetation found in the drier regions of the Deccan Plateau is deciduous forest.

 

Q48: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of paddy?

A: The eastern region of India, particularly the states of West Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, is known for the cultivation of paddy.

 

Q49: Which type of vegetation is found in the Himalayan region of India?

A: The type of vegetation found in the Himalayan region of India varies with altitude. The lower slopes have tropical and subtropical deciduous forests, while the higher slopes have coniferous forest.

 

Q50: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of cotton?

A: The central region of India, particularly the state of Gujarat, is known for the cultivation of cotton.

 

Q51: Which type of vegetation is found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

A: The type of vegetation found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is tropical rainforest.

 

Q52: Which type of vegetation is found in the high-altitude regions of the Himalayas?

A: The type of vegetation found in the high-altitude regions of the Himalayas is alpine vegetation.

 

Q53: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of oranges?

A: The north-eastern region of India, particularly the state of Nagaland, is known for the cultivation of oranges.

 

Q54: Which type of vegetation is found in the high rainfall areas of the Western Ghats?

A: The type of vegetation found in the high rainfall areas of the Western Ghats is tropical rainforest.

 

Q55: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of tea?

A: The north-eastern region of India, particularly the state of Assam, is known for the cultivation of tea.

 

Q56: Which type of vegetation is found in the high-altitude regions of the Western Ghats?

A: The type of vegetation found in the high-altitude regions of the Western Ghats is montane forest.

 

Q57: Which type of vegetation is found in the Western Himalayas?

A: The type of vegetation found in the Western Himalayas is temperate forest.

 

Q58: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of saffron?

A: The northern region of India, particularly the state of Jammu and Kashmir, is known for the cultivation of saffron.

 

Q59: Which type of vegetation is found in the coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu?

A: The type of vegetation found in the coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu is mangrove forest.

 

Q60: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of rubber?

A: The southern region of India, particularly the state of Kerala, is known for the cultivation of rubber.

 

Q61: Which type of vegetation is found in the Deccan Plateau?

A: The type of vegetation found in the Deccan Plateau is dry deciduous forest.

 

Q62: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of apples?

A: The northern region of India, particularly the state of Himachal Pradesh, is known for the cultivation of apples.

 

Q63: Which type of vegetation is found in the high-altitude regions of the Eastern Ghats?

A: The type of vegetation found in the high-altitude regions of the Eastern Ghats is dry deciduous forest.

 

Q64: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of coconut?

A: The southwestern region of India, particularly the state of Kerala, is known for the cultivation of coconut.

 

Q65: Which type of vegetation is found in the high rainfall areas of the Eastern Himalayas?

A: The type of vegetation found in the high rainfall areas of the Eastern Himalayas is temperate forest.

 

Q66: Which region of India is known for the cultivation of sugarcane?

A: The western region of India, particularly the state of Maharashtra, is known for the cultivation of sugarcane.

 

 Questions and answers carrying 3 marks: 

Q1: What is the importance of mangrove forests?

A: Mangrove forests are important for several reasons. They act as a natural barrier against cyclones and tsunamis, and also help in stabilizing the shoreline. These forests also provide habitat and breeding grounds for several species of fish, birds, and reptiles. Additionally, they are a rich source of timber, firewood, and medicinal plants.

 

Mangrove Forest

Q2: What are the characteristics of tropical evergreen forests?

A: Tropical evergreen forests are characterized by tall and dense trees that form a closed canopy. The trees have broad leaves and are mostly evergreen, which means they do not shed their leaves at the same time. The forest floor is covered with a thick layer of fallen leaves and twigs, and the understory is dominated by shrubs and small trees. These forests are found in areas with high rainfall and are rich in biodiversity.

 

Evergreen Forest

Q3: What is the importance of dry deciduous forests?

A: Dry deciduous forests are important for several reasons. They act as a source of timber, firewood, and non-timber forest products such as gums, resins, and tannins. They also provide habitat for a variety of wildlife species, including several species of mammals, birds, and reptiles. Additionally, these forests help in maintaining soil fertility and regulating the water cycle.

 

Deciduous Forest

Q4: What are the characteristics of thorn forests and scrubs?

A: Thorn forests and scrubs are characterized by trees and shrubs that have adapted to the dry and arid conditions of the region. The trees have long, sharp thorns to protect them from herbivores, and the leaves are small and hard to reduce water loss. These forests and scrubs are found in areas with low rainfall and high temperatures and are home to several species of animals such as antelopes, gazelles, and foxes.

 

Thorn forests and scrubs

Q5: What is the importance of temperate forests?

A: Temperate forests are important for several reasons. They are a source of timber and non-timber forest products such as mushrooms, berries, and medicinal plants. These forests also provide habitat for several species of wildlife, including bears, deer, and wildcats. Additionally, they play an important role in regulating the water cycle and mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

 Temperate forests

Q6: What are the features of montane forests?

A: Montane forests are characterized by a wide range of vegetation types that vary with altitude. The lower altitudes are dominated by broad-leaved evergreen trees, while the higher altitudes are dominated by conifers. The trees in montane forests are shorter than those in tropical evergreen forests, and the forest floor is covered with a thick layer of fallen leaves and mosses.

 

Montane forests

Q7: What are the benefits of afforestation?

A: Afforestation has several benefits. It helps in mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It also helps in preventing soil erosion, maintaining soil fertility, and regulating the water cycle. Afforestation can also provide habitat for a variety of wildlife species and improve the overall biodiversity of an area.

 

Q8: What is the impact of deforestation on the environment?

A: Deforestation has a significant impact on the environment. It leads to soil erosion, loss of soil fertility, and degradation of water quality. It also contributes to climate change by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide that is absorbed by forests. Deforestation also has an impact on wildlife, as it leads to habitat loss and fragmentation, which can affect the survival of many species.

 

Q9: What are the factors that determine the climate of a region?

A: The climate of a region is determined by several factors such as latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, prevailing winds, and topography. Latitude and altitude affect the amount of solar radiation received by a region, while distance from the sea affects the temperature and humidity of the region. Prevailing winds bring in moisture and affect the temperature and precipitation patterns of a region. Topography affects the local temperature and precipitation patterns.

 

Q10: What is the significance of the Himalayan Mountain range?

A: The Himalayan Mountain range is significant for several reasons. It acts as a barrier against cold winds from Central Asia and helps in regulating the temperature and precipitation patterns of the Indian subcontinent. The Himalayas are also the source of several major rivers such as the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, and the Indus, which provide water for agriculture, industry, and domestic use. The Himalayas are also home to several biodiversity hotspots and provide habitat for a variety of wildlife species.

 

Q11: What are the different types of forests found in India?

A: India has several types of forests, including tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests, montane forests, and alpine forests. Each of these forests has a unique set of flora and fauna and is adapted to the local climate and topography.

 

Q12: What are the characteristics of tropical deciduous forests?

A: Tropical deciduous forests are characterized by trees that shed their leaves during the dry season. They are found in regions with distinct wet and dry seasons, such as the Deccan Plateau and the eastern Himalayas. The trees in these forests are deciduous and lose their leaves during the dry season to conserve water. The forest floor is covered with a thick layer of fallen leaves, and the undergrowth is sparse.

 

Q12: What is the significance of the Western Ghats?

A: The Western Ghats are a range of mountains that run parallel to the western coast of India. They are a biodiversity hotspot and are home to several endemic species of flora and fauna. The Western Ghats also act as a barrier against the southwest monsoon winds, which results in high rainfall in the region. The rivers that originate from the Western Ghats provide water for agriculture and industry, and the forests are a source of timber and non-timber forest products.

 

Western-Ghats

Q13: What are the characteristics of alpine vegetation?

A: Alpine vegetation is found in regions above the tree line in high-altitude areas. The vegetation in these regions is adapted to the harsh climate and includes grasses, mosses, and small shrubs. The plants in these regions are low-growing and have a thick layer of leaves to protect them from the cold and wind.

 

Alpine Vegetation

Q14: What is the impact of global warming on the natural vegetation of India?

A: Global warming has a significant impact on the natural vegetation of India. It leads to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, which affect the growth and distribution of plants. In some regions, global warming has led to an increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts, which has resulted in the death of trees and shrubs. Global warming has also led to an increase in the frequency and intensity of forest fires, which can cause significant damage to the natural vegetation.

 

Q15: What are the factors that affect the climate of India?

A: The climate of India is affected by several factors, including latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and the presence of mountain ranges. The tropical location of India, combined with the influence of the Indian Ocean and the Himalayas, results in a unique climate that varies across different regions of the country.

 

Q16: What is the importance of mangrove forests?

A: Mangrove forests are found in coastal regions of India and are adapted to grow in saline water. They act as a natural barrier against coastal erosion, and the roots of the mangroves help to stabilize the soil. Mangrove forests also provide a habitat for several species of birds, fish, and reptiles, and are an important source of timber and non-timber forest products.

 

Q17: What are the characteristics of the desert vegetation of India?

A: The desert vegetation of India is adapted to the arid climate and includes xerophytic shrubs, thorny bushes, and cacti. The plants in these regions have adaptations such as long roots to reach deep groundwater reserves, thick stems to store water, and spines to protect themselves from herbivores. The desert vegetation of India is found in the Thar Desert in Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat.

 

Q18: What is the impact of deforestation on the natural vegetation of India?

A: Deforestation has a significant impact on the natural vegetation of India. It leads to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and changes in local climate patterns. Deforestation also contributes to global warming as trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The loss of forests also affects the livelihoods of millions of people who depend on the forests for food, fuel, and other resources.

 

Q19: What are the different types of grasslands found in India?

A: India has several types of grasslands, including tropical savannas, temperate grasslands, and montane grasslands. The grasslands of India are found in regions with moderate to low rainfall, and the vegetation is adapted to periodic droughts and fires. The grasslands are home to several species of herbivores such as deer, antelopes, and gazelles, as well as carnivores such as lions and tigers.

 

Grass Land of India

Q20: What is the importance of the Western Ghats for India's climate and natural vegetation?

A: The Western Ghats act as a barrier to the moisture-bearing winds that come from the Arabian Sea, leading to heavy rainfall in the coastal areas of Western India. This heavy rainfall supports a variety of natural vegetation, including evergreen forests, deciduous forests, and grasslands. The Western Ghats are also a biodiversity hotspot and are home to several species of plants and animals found nowhere else in the world.

 

Q21: What are the characteristics of the tropical evergreen forests of India?

A: The tropical evergreen forests of India are found in regions with high rainfall and are characterized by tall, dense trees that form a closed canopy. The trees have broad leaves and are adapted to the wet climate, with their roots anchored in the shallow soil. The forest floor is covered with a thick layer of organic matter, and the undergrowth is sparse due to the lack of sunlight. The tropical evergreen forests of India are found in the Western Ghats, the north-eastern states, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

 

Q22: What are the benefits of afforestation in India?

A: Afforestation in India has several benefits, including the prevention of soil erosion, the preservation of biodiversity, and the mitigation of climate change. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and afforestation can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Afforestation also provides habitats for several species of plants and animals, and can help to stabilize the soil and prevent landslides and flooding.

 

Q23: What is the impact of global warming on the natural vegetation of India?

A: Global warming is having a significant impact on the natural vegetation of India. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns are affecting the growth and distribution of different types of vegetation, and some species are becoming extinct due to changes in their habitat. Global warming is also causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, and wildfires, which can have a devastating impact on natural vegetation.

 

Q24: What are the characteristics of the Himalayan vegetation of India?

A: The Himalayan vegetation of India is characterized by a variety of ecosystems, including alpine meadows, temperate forests, and subtropical forests. The vegetation is adapted to the cold climate and includes several species of coniferous trees such as spruce, pine, and fir. The Himalayan vegetation is also home to several species of wildlife such as snow leopards, Himalayan black bears, and musk deer. The Himalayan region is also an important source of medicinal plants and herbs.

 

Q25: What is the impact of deforestation on the climate of India?

A: Deforestation in India has several negative impacts on the climate, including the reduction of the carbon sink capacity of forests and the increase of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Deforestation also leads to soil erosion and the loss of soil fertility, which can further exacerbate the impacts of climate change. Deforestation also affects local weather patterns and can lead to a decrease in rainfall in certain regions, leading to droughts and other environmental problems.

 

Q26: What are the factors that influence the distribution of natural vegetation in India?

A: The distribution of natural vegetation in India is influenced by several factors, including climate, topography, and soil type. Regions with high rainfall support dense forests, while regions with low rainfall support grasslands and scrub vegetation. The altitude of a region also affects the type of vegetation that can grow, with high altitude regions supporting alpine vegetation. Soil type also influences the type of vegetation that can grow, with fertile soils supporting dense forests and infertile soils supporting grasslands and shrubs.

 

Q27: What is the impact of air pollution on the natural vegetation of India?

A: Air pollution in India has a negative impact on the natural vegetation by damaging plant tissue, reducing photosynthesis, and affecting the growth and reproductive capacity of plants. Air pollution also reduces the amount of sunlight that reaches the ground, which can further impact the growth and distribution of plants. Certain types of pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can also cause acid rain, which can damage soil quality and further affect the growth of plants.

 

Q28: What are the characteristics of the mangrove vegetation of India?

A: The mangrove vegetation of India is found in coastal regions and is adapted to a saline environment. Mangroves are characterized by salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that can survive in brackish water. The roots of the mangrove trees are adapted to the tidal environment and help to stabilize the soil and prevent coastal erosion. The mangrove vegetation of India is home to several species of birds, fish, and other aquatic animals, and plays an important role in the ecological balance of coastal regions.

 

Q29: What are the factors that influence the growth of crops in India?

A: The growth of crops in India is influenced by several factors, including climate, soil type, and availability of water. Different crops require different climatic conditions, with some crops such as rice requiring high levels of rainfall, while others such as cotton and jute require drier conditions. Soil type also affects the growth of crops, with fertile soils supporting higher yields. The availability of water also plays a crucial role in the growth of crops, with regions that have access to irrigation facilities being able to grow crops year-round.

 

Q30: What is the impact of global warming on the natural vegetation of India?

A: Global warming has several impacts on the natural vegetation of India, including changes in rainfall patterns, an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as droughts and floods, and the shifting of vegetation zones. Higher temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns can lead to a decrease in the quality and quantity of natural vegetation. Global warming also affects the timing of seasonal events such as flowering, fruiting, and migration, which can disrupt the ecological balance of ecosystems.

 

Q31: What is the significance of forest conservation in India?

A: Forest conservation is significant in India for several reasons. Forests are a vital source of livelihood for millions of people in India, providing fuelwood, fodder, and other forest products. Forests also play an important role in regulating the water cycle and maintaining soil fertility, which is essential for agricultural productivity. Forests are also home to a rich diversity of plant and animal species, many of which are endangered or threatened with extinction. Forest conservation helps to maintain the ecological balance of ecosystems and prevents the loss of biodiversity.

 

Q32: What are the different types of natural vegetation found in India?

A: India has a diverse range of natural vegetation, including tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests, montane forests, alpine vegetation, and mangrove forests. Tropical rainforests are found in the Western Ghats and the north-eastern states of India and are characterized by dense vegetation, high rainfall, and a high diversity of plant and animal species. Tropical deciduous forests are found in central and southern India and are characterized by a mix of deciduous and evergreen trees. Thorn forests are found in arid and semi-arid regions of India and are characterized by thorny trees and shrubs. Montane forests are found in mountainous regions of India and are characterized by a mix of evergreen and deciduous trees. Alpine vegetation is found in high altitude regions of the Himalayas and is characterized by low-growing shrubs and grasses. Mangrove forests are found in coastal regions of India and are characterized by salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that can survive in brackish water.

Q33: What is the significance of the Himalayan vegetation for India?

A: The Himalayan vegetation is significant for India for several reasons. The Himalayas act as a barrier to the cold, dry winds that blow from Central Asia, helping to maintain a temperate climate in northern India. The Himalayan vegetation also helps to regulate the water cycle and maintain soil fertility, which is essential for agricultural productivity in the plains. The Himalayan forests are home to several endangered and threatened species of plants and animals, including the snow leopard, the Himalayan musk deer, and the Himalayan black bear. The Himalayan forests also provide important ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and soil stabilization.

 

Q34: What are the main characteristics of tropical deciduous forests?

A: Tropical deciduous forests are characterized by a mix of deciduous and evergreen trees. They are found in central and southern India and experience a distinct wet and dry season. During the dry season, many of the trees shed their leaves to conserve water. The vegetation in tropical deciduous forests is typically a mix of tall trees, shrubs, and grasses. The trees in these forests are adapted to the climate and soil conditions of the region and have developed deep root systems to access groundwater during the dry season.

 

Q35: What are the major causes of deforestation in India?

A: Deforestation is caused by several factors, including commercial logging, shifting cultivation, agricultural expansion, mining, and infrastructure development. Commercial logging involves the cutting of trees for timber and other forest products, while shifting cultivation involves the clearing of land for agricultural use. Agricultural expansion involves the conversion of forest land into agricultural land for growing crops or raising livestock. Mining involves the extraction of minerals and other resources from forest land, while infrastructure development involves the construction of roads, dams, and other infrastructure projects that require the clearing of forest land.

 

Q36: What are the major threats to the natural vegetation of India?

A: The major threats to the natural vegetation of India include deforestation, habitat destruction, overgrazing, soil erosion, and climate change. Deforestation and habitat destruction are caused by commercial logging, shifting cultivation, agricultural expansion, mining, and infrastructure development. Overgrazing is caused by the excessive grazing of livestock on forest land, which can lead to the degradation of the soil and the loss of vegetation. Soil erosion is caused by the loss of vegetation cover, which can lead to the degradation of soil quality and reduced agricultural productivity. Climate change is causing changes in rainfall patterns, temperature, and humidity, which can affect the growth and distribution of natural vegetation in India.

 

Q37: What are the characteristics of mangrove forests?

A: Mangrove forests are characterized by salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that can survive in brackish water. They are found in coastal regions of India and are adapted to the challenging conditions of the intertidal zone, where the sea meets the land. The trees in mangrove forests have specialized roots that are able to absorb oxygen from the air, allowing them to survive in waterlogged soil. Mangrove forests provide important ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, and shoreline protection. They also support a diverse range of plant and animal species, many of which are adapted to the unique conditions of the mangrove ecosystem.

 

 

 

Q38: What is the importance of natural vegetation in India?

A: The natural vegetation in India is important for several reasons. It helps to regulate the climate and maintain ecological balance by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen. It also helps to conserve soil and prevent soil erosion by holding the soil in place and preventing it from being washed away by rainfall. The natural vegetation in India provides important ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, water regulation, and nutrient cycling. It also provides habitat and food for a wide range of plant and animal species, many of which are unique to India.

 

Q39: What are the major climatic regions of India?

A: The major climatic regions of India are the tropical monsoon climate, the tropical semi-arid climate, the tropical arid climate, the subtropical humid climate, and the montane climate. The tropical monsoon climate is characterized by heavy rainfall in the summer months and relatively dry conditions in the winter. The tropical semi-arid climate is characterized by low rainfall and high temperatures throughout the year. The tropical arid climate is characterized by extremely low rainfall and high temperatures throughout the year. The subtropical humid climate is characterized by moderate rainfall throughout the year and relatively cool temperatures in the winter months. The montane climate is characterized by cold temperatures and heavy snowfall in the winter months, with relatively mild temperatures and rainfall in the summer.

 

Q40: What are the main characteristics of alpine vegetation?

A: Alpine vegetation is found in high-altitude regions of the Himalayas and is characterized by low-growing plants that are adapted to the cold and harsh climate of the region. The vegetation in these regions is typically composed of grasses, mosses, lichens, and shrubs, with few trees due to the extreme conditions. The plants in alpine regions have adapted to the low-oxygen, high-altitude environment by developing specialized structures and physiological adaptations, such as deep root systems, thick leaves, and hairy stems. The alpine vegetation in the Himalayas provides important ecosystem services, including soil stabilization, water regulation, and carbon sequestration, and supports a diverse range of plant and animal species that are adapted to the unique conditions of the region.

 

Q41: What is the role of forests in mitigating climate change?

A: Forests play an important role in mitigating climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in trees, soil, and other organic matter. Trees absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and release oxygen, which helps to regulate the balance of gases in the atmosphere. Forests also provide important ecosystem services, including water regulation, soil conservation, and biodiversity conservation, which help to maintain ecological balance and support sustainable development. However, deforestation and forest degradation can lead to the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. Sustainable forest management practices, such as reforestation, afforestation, and reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+), can help to mitigate climate change by enhancing carbon sequestration and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

 

 

 Questions and answers carrying 5 marks:

Q1: Explain the various physiographic divisions of India and their significance.

Answer: India can be broadly divided into four physiographic regions - the Himalayas, the Northern Plains, the Peninsular Plateau, and the Coastal Plains. The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world and act as a natural barrier between India and its neighbouring countries. The Northern Plains are one of the most fertile regions in the world, and are home to the Ganges and its tributaries, which are the lifeline of India's agricultural economy. The Peninsular Plateau is a vast region of highlands and plateaus that contains many mineral resources, including iron ore and coal. The Coastal Plains are divided into the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, and have played an important role in India's maritime trade and commerce.

 

Q2: How does the location of India impact its climate?

Answer: India's location plays a significant role in determining its climate. Being located in the tropical zone, India experiences a tropical monsoon climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The Himalayas act as a barrier to the cold winds from Central Asia, making the northern regions of India relatively warmer than the southern regions. The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal also influence India's climate, with the southwest monsoon winds carrying moisture from the Arabian Sea, and the northeast monsoon winds bringing rain from the Bay of Bengal.

 

Q3: What are the major rivers of India and how have they impacted the country's development?

Answer: The major rivers of India are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna, the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Narmada. These rivers have played a significant role in shaping India's history and development. The Ganges and its tributaries are the lifeline of India's agricultural economy, and have supported the growth of ancient civilizations along their banks. The Brahmaputra is a major river in the north-eastern part of India, and is an important source of irrigation and hydroelectric power. The Godavari and the Krishna are major rivers in the Deccan Plateau, and are also important for agriculture and irrigation. The Narmada is a west-flowing river that flows through the state of Madhya Pradesh, and is an important source of water for irrigation and hydroelectric power.

 

Q4: How has India's physical geography influenced its cultural diversity?

Answer: India's physical geography has played a significant role in shaping its cultural diversity. The Himalayas have acted as a natural barrier between India and its neighbouring countries, resulting in the development of unique cultures and traditions in different regions of India. The Northern Plains have been home to some of the earliest civilizations in the world, including the Indus Valley Civilization, which has had a significant impact on Indian culture and history. The Peninsular Plateau has been home to numerous tribes and ethnic groups, each with their own unique cultural practices and traditions. The Coastal Plains have also played an important role in the development of India's maritime culture, with trade and commerce being an integral part of coastal communities.

 

Q5: Explain the factors that influence the climate of India.

Answer: The climate of India is influenced by various factors such as latitude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea, ocean currents, and relief features. The tropical location of India makes it susceptible to the sun's rays, resulting in hot temperatures in most parts of the country. The Himalayas play a vital role in India's climate as it acts as a barrier to the cold northern winds. The southwest monsoons, which originate from the Indian Ocean, are also responsible for India's climate. The Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon brings rainfall to the west coast of India, while the Bay of Bengal branch brings rainfall to the east coast. The Bay of Bengal branch is stronger, and it brings more rainfall than the Arabian Sea branch.

 

Q6: Describe the three distinct seasons of India and their characteristics.

Answer: India has three distinct seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter. The summer season starts in March and lasts till May, and it is characterized by hot and dry weather. The average temperature during this season ranges between 32°C and 40°C. The monsoon season starts in June and lasts till September. It is characterized by heavy rainfall and high humidity. The southwest monsoon is responsible for most of the rainfall in India, and it brings relief from the scorching summer heat. The winter season starts in December and lasts till February. It is characterized by cool and dry weather, and the average temperature ranges between 10°C and 15°C.

 

Q7: Discuss the major types of natural vegetation found in India.

Answer: The major types of natural vegetation found in India are tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and scrubs, mangrove forests, desert vegetation, and alpine vegetation. The tropical rainforests are found in the Western Ghats, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the North-eastern region. They are characterized by a dense canopy of evergreen trees and receive heavy rainfall throughout the year. The tropical deciduous forests are found in the northern plains, the Deccan Plateau, and the foothills of the Himalayas. They are characterized by the shedding of leaves during the dry season. The thorn forests and scrubs are found in the arid and semi-arid regions of India. They are characterized by thorny bushes and trees that are well-adapted to the arid conditions. The mangrove forests are found in the delta regions of the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Mahanadi rivers. They are characterized by trees that can tolerate saline water. The desert vegetation is found in the Thar Desert, and it is characterized by cacti, thorny bushes, and succulent plants. Alpine vegetation is found in the Himalayas above the tree line, and it is characterized by short grasses and shrubs.

 

Q8: Explain the importance of forests in India.

Answer: Forests play a crucial role in India's economy and environment. They provide raw materials for industries, such as timber, bamboo, and medicinal plants. They are also a source of livelihood for millions of people, especially tribals. Forests help in maintaining the ecological balance by regulating the water cycle, preventing soil erosion, and providing habitat for wildlife. They also play a vital role in mitigating the effects of climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. India has several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries that protect endangered species like the Bengal tiger, Asiatic lion, and Indian rhinoceros. Forests are also an important tourist attraction and contribute to the country's tourism industry.

 

Q9: What are the major types of natural vegetation found in India? Explain each type in detail.

Answer: The major types of natural vegetation found in India are tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and scrubs, mangrove forests, montane forests and Himalayan forests.

Tropical evergreen forests are found in regions with high rainfall throughout the year, such as the Western Ghats, the North-eastern region and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They are characterised by tall trees with broad leaves, and a dense undergrowth of smaller plants and creepers.

Tropical deciduous forests are found in regions with moderate rainfall, such as the northern plains, the Deccan Plateau, and the north-eastern region. They are characterised by trees that shed their leaves seasonally, and the undergrowth consists of grasses and shrubs.

Thorn forests and scrubs are found in regions with very little rainfall, such as the western part of Rajasthan, and the Deccan Plateau. They are characterised by thorny bushes and shrubs, and are adapted to arid conditions.

Mangrove forests are found along the coastal regions, especially in the delta areas of the Ganga, Brahmaputra and Mahanadi rivers. They are characterised by salt-tolerant trees and shrubs, and are adapted to the brackish water of the coastal regions.

Montane forests are found in the higher altitudes of the Western Ghats, the Himalayas, and the north-eastern region. They are characterised by trees and shrubs adapted to the cooler conditions of higher altitudes.

Himalayan forests are found in the Himalayan region, and are characterized by coniferous trees such as pine, fir, and spruce.

 

Q10: What are the factors that influence the climate of India? Explain with examples.

Answer: The climate of India is influenced by a variety of factors, including latitude, altitude, pressure and wind systems, and ocean currents.

 

Latitude: India lies entirely in the tropical zone, which means that it receives ample sunlight and heat throughout the year. However, the length of the day and the angle of incidence of the sun's rays vary with the seasons, leading to variations in temperature and rainfall.

 

Altitude: The altitude of a region affects its climate, as the temperature decreases with increasing altitude. For example, the higher altitudes of the Himalayas have a colder climate than the plains.

 

Pressure and wind systems: The pressure and wind systems in India are influenced by the seasonal reversal of the monsoon winds, which bring rain to different parts of the country. For example, during the summer monsoon season, the southwest monsoon winds bring rain to the southern and central parts of India, while during the winter monsoon season, the northeast monsoon winds bring rain to the eastern coast.

 

Ocean currents: The ocean currents also influence the climate of India, as they affect the temperature and humidity of the coastal regions. For example, the warm currents of the Indian Ocean bring heavy rainfall to the southern parts of the country, while the cold currents of the Bay of Bengal keep the eastern coast relatively dry.